Parallel claims

Sources & method

Text basis: Hosted scripture uses public-domain translations and local canon data; chapter links stay inside the source text. Sources

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All worlds

COMPARE THE SOURCES·Themes and texts

Follow a theme across the records

Choose a theme to compare its appearances in different sources. The relationship and any proposed transmission need to be judged from the cited evidence.

Hebrew Canonc. 1200 – 200 BCE

Hebrew Bible / Tanakh

Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and the Prophets in the Masoretic / Leningrad text

2nd Temple / Mishnahc. 300 BCE – 200 CE

Second Temple & Rabbinic

1 Enoch, Jubilees, Vita Adae, and Mishnah Sanhedrin

Gospels & Epistlesc. 50 – 150 CE

New Testament & Apostolic

Matthew, Luke, Mark, Jude, and early Infancy traditions

Qur'anic Arabicc. 610 – 632 CE

Qur'an & Islamic Witness

Surahs 2 (Al-Baqarah), 3 (Ali 'Imran), 5 (Al-Ma'idah), 7, 19, 20, 37

Active Textual & Doctrinal Bridges (8)Open a comparison to inspect its sources

The Fall & The Refusal of Iblis

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Origin / Primary AnchorGenesis 3 (Eden & Serpent)

Transmission / Exegetical BridgeVita Adae (Satan refusing to bow to clay)

Comparative ReceptionQur'an 2 & 7 (Iblis's refusal & expulsion)

Genesis records the temptation and fall; Vita Adae expands the Accuser's jealousy of Adam's image; the Qur'an mirrors the angelic command to bow.

The Watchers & Nephilim

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Origin / Primary AnchorGenesis 6:1–4 (Sons of God & Nephilim)

Transmission / Exegetical Bridge1 Enoch 6–16 (Descent on Mt Hermon & Azazel)

Comparative Reception2 Peter 2:4 / Jude 6 (Angels kept in darkness)

Terse primeval notice in Genesis 6 expanded dramatically in 1 Enoch's Book of the Watchers, shaping the apostolic letters.

The Blood of Abel & Sanctity of Life

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Origin / Primary AnchorGenesis 4:8–10 (Abel's bloods crying from ground)

Transmission / Exegetical BridgeMishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 (Destroys a single soul)

Comparative ReceptionQur'an 5:32 (Killing one is killing all mankind)

The rabbinic exegetical midrash on the plural 'bloods' of Abel in Genesis 4 is directly cited in Surah 5:32 as a decree for the Children of Israel.

The Sacrifice of the Son (Akedah)

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Origin / Primary AnchorGenesis 22 (Testing of Abraham & Isaac)

Transmission / Exegetical BridgeJubilees 17–18 (Prince Mastema instigates test)

Comparative ReceptionQur'an 37:99–113 (Gentle son consents to dream)

Genesis emphasizes paternal obedience; Jubilees introduces the demonic prosecutor Mastema; the Qur'an highlights filial submission.

The Son of Man on the Throne

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Origin / Primary AnchorDaniel 7:13–14 (One like a Son of Man with clouds)

Transmission / Exegetical Bridge1 Enoch 46 / 71 (Elect One named on throne of glory)

Comparative ReceptionMatthew 26:64 / Mark 14:62 (Jesus before Sanhedrin)

The apocalyptic visionary figure of Daniel 7 is personalized as the eschatological judge in the Similitudes of Enoch, claimed by Jesus at his trial.

Annunciation & Childhood Signs

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Origin / Primary AnchorLuke 1–2 / Matthew 2 (Virginal Annunciation)

Transmission / Exegetical BridgeProtoevangelium & Infancy Thomas (Clay birds)

Comparative ReceptionQur'an 3 & 19 (Palm tree nativity & birds miracle)

Canonical Gospel annunciation narratives converge with early Christian non-canonical infancy tales (breathing life into clay birds) in Surahs 3 and 19.

The Golden Calf & Al-Samiri

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Origin / Primary AnchorExodus 32 (Aaron casts molten calf under pressure)

Transmission / Exegetical BridgePirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer (Samael inside calf)

Comparative ReceptionQur'an 20:83–98 (Al-Samiri crafts lowing calf; Aaron blameless)

Exodus presents Aaron succumbing to the mob; Islamic theology safeguards Aaron's prophetic impeccability by assigning the apostasy to Al-Samiri.

The Prophecy Jude Quoted

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Origin / Primary Anchor1 Enoch 1:9 (Behold, he comes with ten thousands)

Transmission / Exegetical BridgeAramaic 4QEn & Greek Codex Panopolitanus

Comparative ReceptionJude 14–15 (Enoch, seventh from Adam, prophesied)

Direct verbatim quotation of pseudepigraphal 1 Enoch inside the canonical New Testament text of the Epistle of Jude.

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Showing 8 of 8 source comparisons

Sin & Human Anthropology3 slots · 3 witnesses

The Creation of Adam, Rebellion of the Accuser, and the Fall

Genesis 3 · Vita Adae et Evae 12–16 · Qur'an 2:30–39 & 7:11–27

A source-anchored comparison of the creation of humanity, the refusal of the adversary to bow, the deception at the tree, and the divergent theologies of the Fall: inherited guilt vs. immediate pardon and unfallen human nature (fitrah).

Textual Witnesses

Genesis 3(c. 10th–6th century BCE)Vita Adae 12–16(c. 1st century CE)Qur'an 2 & 7(c. 7th century CE)

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Christology & Incarnation3 slots · 3 witnesses

The Annunciation, the Nativity under the Palm, and Childhood Signs

Luke 1–2 · Protoevangelium of James & Infancy Thomas · Qur'an 3 & 19

A source-anchored comparison of the virgin birth of Jesus, Mary's dedicated temple upbringing, the nativity under the palm tree, the defense from the cradle, and the miracle of animating clay birds.

Textual Witnesses

Luke 1–2(c. 60–85 CE)Apocryphal Infancy Gospels(c. 145–180 CE)Qur'an 3 & 19(c. 7th century CE)

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Theological Matrix3 slots · 2 witnesses

The Prophecy Jude Quoted

Jude 14–15 · 1 Enoch 1:9

A source-anchored comparison of the one place the New Testament quotes 1 Enoch: Jude attributes a judgment prophecy to 'Enoch, the seventh from Adam,' and the wording runs alongside 1 Enoch 1:9 in Charles' translation.

Textual Witnesses

Jude 14–15(Not assessed in this comparison)1 Enoch 1(c. 3rd century BCE)

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Theological Matrix5 slots · 3 witnesses

The Sacrifice of the Son

Genesis 22 · Jubilees 17–18 · Qur'an 37:99–113

A source-anchored comparison across biblical, Second Temple Jewish, and Quranic accounts of Abraham's ultimate trial, mapping narrative slots, textual differences, pairwise relations, and distinct reception histories.

Textual Witnesses

Genesis 22(c. 10th–6th century BCE)Jubilees 17–18(c. 160–140 BCE)Qur'an 37:99–113(c. 7th century CE)

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Sanctity of Life & Law3 slots · 3 witnesses

The Blood of Abel and the Value of One Human Life

Genesis 4:8–10 · Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 · Qur'an 5:32

A source-anchored comparison of the murder of Abel, the rabbinic warning to capital witnesses that destroying one soul destroys an entire world, and the Quranic decree to the Children of Israel that slaying one innocent soul is like slaying all mankind.

Textual Witnesses

Genesis 4(c. 10th–6th century BCE)Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5(c. 200 CE)Qur'an 5:32(c. 7th century CE)

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Theological Matrix3 slots · 3 witnesses

The Son of Man on the Throne

Daniel 7:13–14 · 1 Enoch 46–48 · Matthew 26:63–65

A source-anchored comparison of the cloud-riding figure in Daniel 7, the titled 'Son of Man' enthroned in 1 Enoch's Similitudes, and Jesus' self-designation before the high priest — with the dating dispute over the Similitudes kept explicit.

Textual Witnesses

Daniel 7(Not assessed in this comparison)1 Enoch 46–48(c. 3rd century BCE)Matthew 26(Not assessed in this comparison)

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Prophethood & Impeccability3 slots · 2 witnesses

The Golden Calf Apostasy: Aaron and Al-Samiri

Exodus 32 · Qur'an 20:83–98

A source-anchored comparison of Israel's worship of the golden calf at Sinai: Aaron's direct casting of the idol under popular pressure in Exodus versus the Quranic intervention of Al-Samiri, preserving Aaron's prophetic infallibility ('ismah).

Textual Witnesses

Exodus 32(c. 10th–6th century BCE)Qur'an 20 (Ta-Ha)(c. 7th century CE)

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Theological Matrix4 slots · 2 witnesses

The Watchers: Genesis 6 Expanded

Genesis 6:1–4 · 1 Enoch 6–16

A source-anchored comparison of the terse Genesis notice about the 'sons of God' and the Nephilim with the expansive Second Temple retelling in 1 Enoch 6–16, where the descent is named, taught, judged, and bound.

Textual Witnesses

Genesis 6(c. 10th–6th century BCE)1 Enoch 6–16(c. 3rd century BCE)

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How these comparisons work

Each comparison groups cited excerpts by a shared theme. Similar language does not by itself establish literary dependence or agreement in belief. Read each relationship claim alongside its citations, evidence label, and stated limits.

Source editions, rights notices, review history, and downloadable records are available inside each comparison. The recorded content digest checks file integrity; it does not establish scholarly agreement.