HomeHow We Know
Sources & method

Evidence basis: Texts, artifacts, witnesses, experiments, arguments, and traditions remain visibly separated; every case shows the bridge to its conclusion and states what the evidence cannot establish. Sources

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Sources & method

Evidence basis: Texts, artifacts, witnesses, experiments, arguments, and traditions remain visibly separated; every case shows the bridge to its conclusion and states what the evidence cannot establish. Sources

Worlds
A telescope, manuscript, archaeological stone, prism, and balance share a research table at the edge of dawn

World 08How We Know

How We Know

Follow the claim.

Before asking whether a claim is convincing, ask what kind of claim it is. This world keeps text, stone, witness, experiment, argument, and tradition distinct—then shows exactly where they meet.
  • Source
  • Evidence
  • Inference
  • Interpretation
  • Limit

A world about method

How does a claim become knowledge?

Start with a real claim. Open its record, inspect the reasoning, and stop exactly where the evidence stops.

Test the first claim

Start here · The Claim Lab

Take one claim apart.

Each case moves through the same three checkpoints. Open only the case you want to investigate.

6 cases
Jesus · StoneThe Pilate StoneWhat does the Pilate Stone establish?
  1. Record

    The damaged Latin inscription securely preserves Pilate's name and the title “prefect of Judaea.”

  2. Bridge

    It anchors Pontius Pilate and his office in the material record and lets the title be checked against literary witnesses.

  3. Boundary

    It does not mention Jesus or a trial, and restorations outside the secure name and title remain debated.

Inspect the stone
The Apostles · WitnessWhere the apostles wentWhen does a mission tradition become historical evidence?
  1. Record

    The Apostles world labels what the New Testament states, what early sources add, and what appears only in later tradition.

  2. Bridge

    A route or death claim grows stronger when it is earlier, independent, specific, and close to the people or events described.

  3. Boundary

    A detailed late retelling does not become an early witness merely because later communities repeat it.

Compare the roads
The Writings · TextA text survivesWhat can manuscript survival tell us?
  1. Record

    Each hosted early writing names its date range, translation source, and survival notes when the data supplies them.

  2. Bridge

    Manuscripts and reception history can show that a work circulated, where it was read, and how communities treated it.

  3. Boundary

    Survival, copying, or local reception does not by itself establish apostolic authorship or universal canon status.

Open the writings
Angels & Demons · Text + traditionThe fall behind the tauntDo Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28 narrate Satan's fall?
  1. Record

    Isaiah's taunt names the king of Babylon; Ezekiel's lament names the king of Tyre. Both use imagery the church later read as echoing an older fall.

  2. Bridge

    Immediate literary context and later theological reception can be shown together without pretending they are the same layer.

  3. Boundary

    The two passages alone do not supply a complete biography of Satan; the second referent is an interpretation.

Follow the readings
Who Owns the Word? · SourceThe legal fenceWhat can an ownership record settle?
  1. Record

    Rights-holder policies, licenses, publisher notices, and court records document control claims and permitted uses.

  2. Bridge

    Those records can establish a legal status, practical restriction, or judicial outcome in a particular place and time.

  3. Boundary

    Legal control does not decide theological legitimacy, spiritual authority, or whether a restriction is wise.

Test the fences
The Church · TraditionA council decidesWhat does a council record establish?
  1. Record

    The council room places date, caller, decision, primary text, and historical consequence beside one another.

  2. Bridge

    Comparing a decree with its later reception shows how an institutional judgment entered doctrine and practice.

  3. Boundary

    The decree establishes what a body decided; it does not by itself establish universal reception or divine truth.

Read the decisions

The method

One loop. Four disciplines.

A credible conclusion shows what is present, how the reasoning moves, where meaning enters, and where certainty ends.

  1. 01Observed

    What is actually there?

    Measurements, experiments, texts, artifacts, testimony, and documented events—kept in their own evidence class.

  2. 02Inferred

    What follows from it?

    Historical, scientific, and philosophical reasoning, with assumptions and competing explanations exposed.

  3. 03Interpreted

    What does it mean?

    A theological, philosophical, or communal reading, identified as a reading rather than relabeled as raw data.

  4. 04Limit

    What can this not establish?

    The nearest unsupported conclusion is named instead of being smuggled across the boundary.

Eight evidence lenses

Choose the question you need.

Each lens changes what counts as useful evidence. Open one to see where that discipline is already working elsewhere on the site.

The source map

Use each source for its own job.

A manuscript, artifact, court opinion, experiment, and creed answer different questions. Follow a lane to inspect its provenance.

A secondary investigation lane

Faith & Science

A secondary investigation lane for questions that cross scientific, philosophical, historical, and theological domains.

Science can constrain a theological claim, create a question theology may interpret, or expose a bad analogy. It cannot be made to confess a doctrine its methods do not measure.
Build next

The Big Bang and creation

Does an early hot, expanding universe equal creation from nothing?

A physical history is not yet a metaphysical origin.
Research docket5 more questions
02Research queue

Fine-tuning

What is measured, and where do design or multiverse arguments begin?

The data does not choose its own explanation.
03Research queue

Evolution and providence

How can an unfolding creation relate to purpose and divine action?

A biological mechanism is not a complete theology of creation.
04Research queue

Consciousness and the soul

What can neuroscience measure, and what remains philosophical?

Neural dependence does not by itself settle personal identity or soul.
05Research queue

Miracles and resurrection

Which parts are scientific, historical, and theological questions?

A repeatable method cannot replay a claimed singular event.
06Later inquiry

The Trinity and creation

What may creation echo, and what only revelation supplies?

Resonance is not demonstration; a recurring three is not evidence of three divine persons.
Source foundations9 scientific, philosophical, and confessional records
The point is not to make every claim certain. It is to make every step visible.