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Browse all 66 booksOld and New TestamentsFull shelf
Old Testament
Compare
Explore five canon traditions.
See which books each tradition receives, read its sourced history, and open every public-domain text this site can host.
Protestant
The 66-book Old and New Testaments familiar from most modern Protestant Bibles.
66 hosted booksCatholic
The 73-book canon, including the deuterocanonical books and additions.
73 hosted booksEastern Orthodox
A Septuagint-shaped Old Testament and the shared New Testament, with local variation.
81 hosted booksEthiopian Tewahedo
The traditional 81-book Tewahedo corpus; this shelf hosts its public-domain English overlap.
82 hosted booksArmenian Apostolic
The Armenian Church’s Septuagint-shaped Old Testament and the shared New Testament.
75 hosted booksComparative Canonicity & Tradition Explorer
Multi-Canonicity Matrix
Examine which books are received as sacred Scripture across six major traditions. Explore manuscript witnesses from the Dead Sea Scrolls, Septuagint, and Masoretic Text, with direct links into the hosted record.
| Book & Category | Prot | Cath | Orth | Eth | Arm | Tanakh | Witnesses | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GenesisTorah / Law · 50 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
ExodusTorah / Law · 40 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
LeviticusTorah / Law · 27 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
NumbersTorah / Law · 36 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
DeuteronomyTorah / Law · 34 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
JoshuaOld Testament Narrative · 24 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
JudgesOld Testament Narrative · 21 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
RuthOld Testament Narrative · 4 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
1 SamuelOld Testament Narrative · 31 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
2 SamuelOld Testament Narrative · 24 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
1 KingsOld Testament Narrative · 22 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
2 KingsOld Testament Narrative · 25 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
1 ChroniclesOld Testament Narrative · 29 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
2 ChroniclesOld Testament Narrative · 36 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
EzraOld Testament Narrative · 23 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
NehemiahOld Testament Narrative · 13 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
EstherOld Testament Narrative · 16 ch | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
JobPoetry & Wisdom · 42 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
PsalmsPoetry & Wisdom · 151 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
ProverbsPoetry & Wisdom · 31 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
EcclesiastesPoetry & Wisdom · 12 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
Song of SongsPoetry & Wisdom · 8 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
IsaiahMajor Prophets · 66 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
JeremiahMajor Prophets · 52 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
LamentationsMajor Prophets · 5 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
EzekielMajor Prophets · 48 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
DanielMajor Prophets · 14 ch | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
HoseaTwelve Minor Prophets · 14 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
JoelTwelve Minor Prophets · 4 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
AmosTwelve Minor Prophets · 9 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
ObadiahTwelve Minor Prophets · 1 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
JonahTwelve Minor Prophets · 4 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
MicahTwelve Minor Prophets · 7 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
NahumTwelve Minor Prophets · 3 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
HabakkukTwelve Minor Prophets · 3 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
ZephaniahTwelve Minor Prophets · 3 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
HaggaiTwelve Minor Prophets · 2 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
ZechariahTwelve Minor Prophets · 14 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
MalachiTwelve Minor Prophets · 4 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Read | |
MatthewThe Four Gospels · 28 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
MarkThe Four Gospels · 16 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
LukeThe Four Gospels · 24 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
JohnThe Four Gospels · 21 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
ActsApostolic History · 28 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
RomansApostolic Epistles · 16 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
1 CorinthiansApostolic Epistles · 16 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
2 CorinthiansApostolic Epistles · 13 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
GalatiansApostolic Epistles · 6 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
EphesiansApostolic Epistles · 6 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
PhilippiansApostolic Epistles · 4 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
ColossiansApostolic Epistles · 4 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
1 ThessaloniansApostolic Epistles · 5 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
2 ThessaloniansApostolic Epistles · 3 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
1 TimothyApostolic Epistles · 6 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
2 TimothyApostolic Epistles · 4 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
TitusApostolic Epistles · 3 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
PhilemonApostolic Epistles · 1 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
HebrewsApostolic Epistles · 13 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
JamesApostolic Epistles · 5 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
1 PeterApostolic Epistles · 5 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
2 PeterApostolic Epistles · 3 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
1 JohnApostolic Epistles · 5 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
2 JohnApostolic Epistles · 1 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
3 JohnApostolic Epistles · 1 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
JudeApostolic Epistles · 1 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
RevelationApocalypse · 22 ch | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
TobitDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 14 ch | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
JudithDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 16 ch | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
Esther (Greek)Deuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 10 ch | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
WisdomDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 19 ch | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
SirachDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 51 ch | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
BaruchDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 6 ch | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
Letter of JeremiahDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 1 ch | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
SusannaDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 1 ch | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
Bel and the DragonDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 1 ch | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
1 MaccabeesDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 16 ch | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✓ | — | Read | |
2 MaccabeesDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 15 ch | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✓ | — | Read | |
1 EsdrasDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 9 ch | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | Read | |
Prayer of ManassehDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 1 ch | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
Psalm 151Deuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 1 ch | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
3 MaccabeesDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 7 ch | — | — | ✓ | — | ✓ | — | Read | |
2 EsdrasDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 16 ch | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
4 MaccabeesDeuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 18 ch | — | — | ✓ | — | — | — | Read | |
Daniel (Greek)Deuterocanon / Anagignoskomena · 14 ch | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
1 EnochEthiopian Narrower Canon · 108 ch | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — | Read | |
JubileesEthiopian Narrower Canon · 50 ch | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — | Read |
Historical Milestones & Canon Decrees (382 AD – 1672 AD)Click to inspect historical timeline
382 ADWestern / Latin Church
Council of Rome (Pope Damasus I)
Promulgated one of the earliest Western canonical decrees, receiving the 73 books including deuterocanonical works.
c. 391 ADLatin Patristic
Jerome’s Prologus Galeatus (Helmed Preface)
Distinguished Hebrew canon (24 books) from ecclesiastical books; praised Greek deuterocanon for edification but noted they were outside the Hebrew text.
397 ADNorth African Church
Third Council of Carthage
With Augustine presiding, published the 73-book biblical canon used consistently in the West for over a millennium.
April 8, 1546Roman Catholic
Council of Trent (Session IV)
Issued a solemn dogmatic definition listing all 73 books of the Catholic Bible as sacred and canonical under anathema.
1563Anglican / Reformed
Thirty-Nine Articles (Article VI)
Designated 66 books as canonical Scripture for doctrine; retained deuterocanon for life and manners but not to establish doctrine.
1646Presbyterian / Reformed
Westminster Confession of Faith
Strictly confined canonical Scripture to 66 books, stating the Apocrypha is of no divine authority and no otherwise to be used than human writings.
1672Eastern Orthodox
Synod of Jerusalem (Confession of Dositheus)
Affirmed the Greek Septuagint canon, specifically naming Wisdom, Judith, Tobit, Bel and the Dragon, Susanna, and Maccabees as genuine parts of Scripture.