Tertullian: Against Marcion, Books I–V

Chapter VIII.—Man the Image of the Creator, and Christ the Head of the Man. Spiritual Gifts. The Sevenfold Spirit Described by Isaiah. The Apostle and the Prophet Compared. Marcion Challenged to Produce Anything Like These Gifts of the Spirit Foretold in Prophecy in His God.

“The head of every man is Christ.” ^{Edition note 1} What Christ, if He is not the author of man? The head he has here put for authority; now “authority” will accrue to none else than the “author.” Of what man indeed is He the head? Surely of him concerning whom he adds soon afterwards: “The man ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the image of God.” ^{Edition note 2} Since then he is the image of the Creator (for He, when looking on Christ His Word, who was to become man, said, “Let us make man in our own image, after our likeness” ^{Edition note 3} ), how can I possibly have another head but Him whose image I am?

For if I am the image of the Creator there is no room in me for another head. But wherefore “ought the woman to have power over her head, because of the angels?” ^{Edition note 4} If it is because “she was created for the man,” ^{Edition note 5} and taken out of the man, according to the Creator’s purpose, then in this way too has the apostle maintained the discipline of that God from whose institution he explains the reasons of His discipline. He adds: “Because of the angels.” ^{Edition note 6} What angels?

In other words, whose angels? If he means the fallen angels of the Creator, ^{Edition note 7} there is great propriety in his meaning. It is right that that face which was a snare to them should wear some mark of a humble guise and obscured beauty. If, however, the angels of the rival god are referred to, what fear is there for them? for not even Marcion’s disciples, (to say nothing of his angels,) have any desire for women. We have often shown before now, that the apostle classes heresies as evil ^{Edition note 8} among “works of the flesh,” and that he would have those persons accounted estimable ^{Edition note 9} who shun heresies as an evil thing.

In like manner, when treating of the gospel, ^{Edition note 10} we have proved from the sacrament of the bread and the cup ^{Edition note 11} the verity of the Lord’s body and blood in opposition to Marcion’s phantom; whilst throughout almost the whole of my work it has been contended that all mention of judicial attributes points conclusively to the Creator as to a God who judges. Now, on the subject of “spiritual gifts,” ^{Edition note 12} I have to remark that these also were promised by the Creator through Christ; and I think that we may derive from this a very just conclusion that the bestowal of a gift is not the work of a god other than Him who is proved to have given the promise. Here is a prophecy of Isaiah:

After which he enumerates the special gifts of the same:

In this figure of a flower he shows that Christ was to arise out of the rod which sprang from the stem of Jesse; in other words, from the virgin of the race of David, the son of Jesse. In this Christ the whole substantia of the Spirit would have to rest, not meaning that it would be as it were some subsequent acquisition accruing to Him who was always, even before His incarnation, the Spirit of God; ^{Edition note 17} so that you cannot argue from this that the prophecy has reference to that Christ who (as mere man of the race only of David) was to obtain the Spirit of his God.

(The prophet says,) on the contrary, that from the time when (the true Christ) should appear in the flesh as the flower predicted, ^{Edition note 18} rising from the root of Jesse, there would have to rest upon Him the entire operation of the Spirit of grace, which, so far as the Jews were concerned, would cease and come to an end. This result the case itself shows; for after this time the Spirit of the Creator never breathed amongst them. From Judah were taken away “the wise man, and the cunning artificer, and the counsellor, and the prophet;” ^{Edition note 19} that so it might prove true that “the law and the prophets were until John.” ^{Edition note 20} Now hear how he declared that by Christ Himself, when returned to heaven, these spiritual gifts were to be sent: “He ascended up on high,” that is, into heaven; “He led captivity captive,” meaning death or slavery of man; “He gave gifts to the sons of men,” ^{Edition note 21} that is, the gratuities, which we call charismata.

He says specifically “sons of men,” ^{Edition note 22} and not men promiscuously; thus exhibiting to us those who were the children of men truly so called, choice men, apostles. “For,” says he, “I have begotten you through the gospel;” ^{Edition note 23} and “Ye are my children, of whom I travail again in birth.” ^{Edition note 24} Now was absolutely fulfilled that promise of the Spirit which was given by the word of Joel:

Since, then, the Creator promised the gift of His Spirit in the latter days; and since Christ has in these last days appeared as the dispenser of spiritual gifts (as the apostle says, “When the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth His Son;” ^{Edition note 26} and again, “This I say, brethren, that the time is short” ^{Edition note 27} ), it evidently follows in connection with this prediction of the last days, that this gift of the Spirit belongs to Him who is the Christ of the predicters.

Now compare the Spirit’s specific graces, as they are described by the apostle, and promised by the prophet Isaiah. “To one is given,” says he, “by the Spirit the word of wisdom;” this we see at once is what Isaiah declared to be “the spirit of wisdom.” “To another, the word of knowledge;” this will be “the (prophet’s) spirit of understanding and counsel.” “To another, faith by the same Spirit;” this will be “the spirit of religion and the fear of the Lord.” “To another, the gifts of healing, and to another the working of miracles;” this will be “the spirit of might.”

“To another prophecy, to another discerning of spirits, to another divers kinds of tongues, to another the interpretation of tongues;” this will be “the spirit of knowledge.” ^{Edition note 28} See how the apostle agrees with the prophet both in making the distribution of the one Spirit, and in interpreting His special graces. This, too, I may confidently say: he who has likened the unity of our body throughout its manifold and divers members to the compacting together of the various gifts of the Spirit, ^{Edition note 29} shows also that there is but one Lord of the human body and of the Holy Spirit.

This Spirit, (according to the apostle’s showing,) ^{Edition note 30} meant not ^{Edition note 31} that the service ^{Edition note 32} of these gifts should be in the body, ^{Edition note 33} nor did He place them in the human body); and on the subject of the superiority of love ^{Edition note 34} above all these gifts, He even taught the apostle that it was the chief commandment, ^{Edition note 35} just as Christ has shown it to be:

When he mentions the fact that “it is written in the law,” ^{Edition note 38} how that the Creator would speak with other tongues and other lips, whilst confirming indeed the gift of tongues by such a mention, he yet cannot be thought to have affirmed that the gift was that of another god by his reference to the Creator’s prediction. ^{Edition note 39} In precisely the same manner, ^{Edition note 40} when enjoining on women silence in the church, that they speak not for the mere sake ^{Edition note 41} of learning ^{Edition note 42} (although that even they have the right of prophesying, he has already shown ^{Edition note 43} when he covers the woman that prophesies with a veil), he goes to the law for his sanction that woman should be under obedience. ^{Edition note 44} Now this law, let me say once for all, he ought to have made no other acquaintance with, than to destroy it.

But that we may now leave the subject of spiritual gifts, facts themselves will be enough to prove which of us acts rashly in claiming them for his God, and whether it is possible that they are opposed to our side, even if ^{Edition note 45} the Creator promised them for His Christ who is not yet revealed, as being destined only for the Jews, to have their operations in His time, in His Christ, and among His people. Let Marcion then exhibit, as gifts of his god, some prophets, such as have not spoken by human sense, but with the Spirit of God, such as have both predicted things to come, and have made manifest ^{Edition note 46} the secrets of the heart; ^{Edition note 47} let him produce a psalm, a vision, a prayer ^{Edition note 48} —only let it be by the Spirit, ^{Edition note 49} in an ecstasy, that is, in a rapture, ^{Edition note 50} whenever an interpretation of tongues has occurred to him; let him show to me also, that any woman of boastful tongue ^{Edition note 51} in his community has ever prophesied from amongst those specially holy sisters of his.

Now all these signs (of spiritual gifts) are forthcoming from my side without any difficulty, and they agree, too, with the rules, and the dispensations, and the instructions of the Creator; therefore without doubt the Christ, and the Spirit, and the apostle, belong severally ^{Edition note 52} to my God. Here, then, is my frank avowal for any one who cares to require it.